- Burckhardt: Travels in Arabia "Reprint", London, ١٩٦٨.
- Bury, J.B.: A History of Greece, ٢ nd ed, london, ١٩٤٥.
- ": A History of the Later Roman Empire, London, ١٩٢٣.
- Caetani, L.: Studi di Storia orientale, Milano, ١٩١١.
Cary, M,: A History of Rome, ٢ nd. ed, London, ١٩٦٠.
- Dussaud, R.: La Penetration des Arabes en Syrie avant IIslam, Paris, ١٩٥٠.
- Gadd, C.G.: The harran Inscription of Nabonidus "Anatolian Studies, VIII", ١٩٥٨.
- Grohmann A.: Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients "III, ٤" Arabien, Muenchen, ١٩٦٣.
- Guidi, Ign.: L'Arabie Anteislamique, Paris, ١٩٢١.
- Hitti, Ph. K.: History of the Arabs, ٧ th ed, London, ١٩٦١.
- Hommel: Ethnologie and Geographie des Alten Orients, I, Muenchen, ١٩٦٩.
- Hourani, G.F.: Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, Beirut, ١٩٦٣.
- Huzayyin, S.: Changement Historique du Climat et du Paysage de l'Arabie du Sud "Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts, University of Egypt, III, Part I", ١٩٣٥.
- Kammerer, A: pétra et la Nabaténe, L'Arabie Pétrée et Les Arabes du Nord Jusquéa l'Islam "Texte" Paris, ١٩٢٩.
- Lammens, H.: L'Arabie Occidentale avant l Hegire, Beyrouth, ١٩٢٨.
- ": Le Berceau de l'Islam, I, Romae, ١٩١٤.
- Margoliouth, D.S.: The Origins of Arabic Poetry "JRAS", July, ١٩٢٥.
- Montgomery: Arabia and the Bible,Philadelphia, ١٩٤٣.
Moscati, S.: The Semites in Ancient History, Cardiff, ١٩٥٩.
- Moritz: Arabien, Studien zur Physikalischen und Historischen Geographie des Landes, Hanover, ١٩٢٣.
- Musil, A.: Arabia Deserta, New York, ١٩٢٧.
- ": Northern Negd, New York, ١٩٢٨.
- Niebuhr: Travels Through Arabia "Eng???thr" Edinburgh, ١٧٩٢.
- Otto, W. & Bengtson, H.: Zur Geschichte des Niederganges der Ptolemaie-rreiches, Muenchen, ١٩٣٨.
- Philby, H.: the Background of Islam, Alexandria, ١٩٤٧.
