ثانيًا: المصادر والمراجع الأجنبية:
- De Gaury, Gerald: Rulers of Mecca. London Geogrge G. Harrap& Co. lid.
- Doughty, CH, M: Travels in Arabia Desert, ٢ vols, London, ١٩.
- Fishel< W. B.: The Middle East, London ١٩٣٦.
Herodotus: Book II (L.C.L) .
Huzayyin, S.A.: (Arabia and the far East. Cairo ١٩٤٢.
Lammens: La Mecque a la veille de L' Hegire. Bayrouth ١٩٢٤.
La republique Marchand de la Mecque.
Les Abeh et L' Organisation militaire de la Mecque au ecls/a de L' He gire J. A. ١٩١٦. P. ٤٢٥- ٤٨٢.
- Muir, William: The life of Muhammad & History of Islam to the Era of the Hergira. London, ١٨٥٨.
- O' Leary, de lacy, D.D.: rabia before Muhammad, London ١٩٢٧.
- Ptoemy: Geography, (L.G.L) .
- Smith, W. Robertson: Kinship& Marriage in Early Arabia. London, ١٩٠٣.
- Twitchell, K.S.: Saudi Arabia with an Account of Development of its Natural Resources, Princeton, ١٩٥٣.
- Watt. W. Montgomery: Muhammad at Mecca. Muhammad at Medina. Oxford, ١٩٥٦.